Found 10489 publications. Showing page 370 of 420:
2003
The Covid-19 pandemic and environmental stressors in Europe: synergies and interplays
This report provides an overview of the potential impacts of Covid-19 restrictions, in particular, focusing on review and assessment of Covid-19 impacts on air quality, for the year 2020. Complementary analyses address compliance with the National Emission reductions Commitments (NEC) Directive and noise. This expands the initial analysis of impacts of the pandemic-related restrictions on air quality based on data for the first months of 2020, presented in the EEA Air quality report for 2020. The results show a clear decline in NO2 short-term levels and annual average throughout Europe. Results for other pollutants are less uniform, and mostly do not show significant changes in annual average or other relevant metrics . The results regarding air quality are robust, obtained by a wealth of methods and consistent also with literature findings. The noise analysis shows a general decline in noise levels related to road traffic, though some areas show an increase. An analysis of policies and measures reported by Member States in 2021 for base year 2019 shows that additional measures related to emissions of NH3 are expected to be negatively impacted to the greatest extent by the Covid-19 related restrictions.
ETC/ATNI
2022
2008
The deposition and fate of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in the Norwegian Arctic snowpack. NILU F
2012
2012
2005
The dietary footprints and transition priorities of over 12 000 urban centers
Urban consumption plays a central role in driving global carbon emissions and is associated with a wide range of environmental pressures, including deforestation, water use, and biodiversity loss. As cities and networks of cities work to define and achieve quantitative sustainability goals, the lack of insight into their unique food footprints, shaped by each city’s specific dietary patterns and demographic composition, remains a significant obstacle. Here we combine demographic, group-specific diet, and supply-chain environmental footprint data to estimate the dietary footprints in 12 228 urban centers across 159 countries. We show that diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) are highly concentrated in a small number of cities: The 200 urban centers with the largest footprints account for 39.8% of global urban population and 45.6% of total global urban dietary emissions. Overall, adoption of the EAT-Lancet 2.0 diet across all studied centers delivers a modest net reduction in total footprints (≈5%–16%). However, this aggregate outcome masks substantial variability: high-income centers achieve considerable reductions through lower meat and dairy consumption, while lower-income centers presently consuming below EAT-Lancet recommended levels experience footprint increases, partially offsetting global gains. Within transnational city networks (C40 Cities, Eurocities, and Milan Urban Food Policy Pact members), where member centers are predominantly high-income, EAT-Lancet 2.0 adoption delivers substantially larger reductions of 22%–50% in GHGE, underscoring the policy relevance of targeted urban-level dietary interventions. Complementary supply-side interventions, including decarbonization of agricultural production, processing, and distribution, offer additional reductions, indicating that dietary and supply-side levers must be deployed jointly. Our results highlight the need for context-specific urban dietary strategies. The resulting database, MATILDA-City, provides a globally harmonized evidence base to benchmark, rank, and monitor urban-level dietary footprints, supporting municipalities to coordinate actions toward sustainable food systems.
2026
The discharge program phase III: Summary of basic data for monitoring. NIVA-rapport, 5797-2009
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2012
We investigate the concentration fluctuations of passive scalar plumes emitted from small, localised (point-like) steady sources in a neutrally stratified turbulent boundary layer over a rough wall. The study utilises high-resolution large-eddy simulations for sources of varying sizes and heights. The numerical results, which show good agreement with wind-tunnel studies, are used to estimate statistical indicators of the concentration field, including spectra and moments up to the fourth order. These allow us to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the production, transport and dissipation of concentration fluctuations, with a focus on the very near field, where the skewness is found to have negative values – an aspect not previously highlighted. The gamma probability density function is confirmed to be a robust model for the one-point concentration at sufficiently large distances from the source. However, for ground-level releases in a well-defined area around the plume centreline, the Gaussian distribution is found to be a better statistical model. As recently demonstrated by laboratory results, for elevated releases, the peak and shape of the pre-multiplied scalar spectra are confirmed to be independent of the crosswind location for a given downwind distance. Using a stochastic model and theoretical arguments, we demonstrate that this is due to the concentration spectra being directly shaped by the transverse and vertical velocity components governing the meandering of the plume. Finally, we investigate the intermittency factor, i.e. the probability of non-zero concentration, and analyse its variability depending on the thresholds adopted for its definition.
2024
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