Found 10463 publications. Showing page 392 of 419:
Permafrost is a considerable carbon reservoir harboring up to 1700 petagrams of carbon accumulated over millennia, which can be mobilized as permafrost thaws under global warming. Recent studies have highlighted that a fraction of this carbon can be transformed to atmospheric volatile organic compounds, which can affect the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols. In this study, active layer soils from the seasonally unfrozen layer above the permafrost were collected from two distinct locations of the Greenlandic permafrost and incubated to explore their roles in the soil-atmosphere exchange of volatile organic compounds. Results show that these soils can actively function as sinks of these compounds, despite their different physiochemical properties. Upper active layer possessed relatively higher uptake capacities; factors including soil moisture, organic matter, and microbial biomass carbon were identified as the main factors correlating with the uptake rates. Additionally, uptake coefficients for several compounds were calculated for their potential use in future model development. Correlation analysis and the varying coefficients indicate that the sink was likely biotic. The development of a deeper active layer under climate change may enhance the sink capacity and reduce the net emissions of volatile organic compounds from permafrost thaw.
2025
Citizen-operated low-cost air quality sensors (LCSs) have expanded air quality monitoring through community engagement. However, still challenges related to lack of semantic standards, data quality, and interoperability hinder their integration into official air quality assessments, management, and research. Here, we introduce FILTER, a geospatially scalable framework designed to unify, correct, and enhance the reliability of crowd-sourced PM2.5 data across various LCS networks. FILTER assesses data quality through five steps: range check, constant value detection, outlier detection, spatial correlation, and spatial similarity. Using official data, we modeled PM2.5 spatial correlation and similarity (Euclidean distance) as functions of geographic distance as benchmarks for evaluating whether LCS measurements are sufficiently correlated/consistent with neighbors. Our study suggests a −10 to 10 Median Absolute Deviation threshold for outlier flagging (360 h). We find higher PM2.5 spatial correlation in DJF compared to JJA across Europe while lower PM2.5 similarity in DJF compared to JJA. We observe seasonal variability in the maximum possible distance between sensors and reference stations for in-situ (remote) PM2.5 data correction, with optimal thresholds of ∼11.5 km (DJF), ∼12.7 km (MAM), ∼20 km (JJA), and ∼17 km (SON). The values implicitly reflect the spatial representativeness of stations. ±15 km relaxation for each season remains feasible when data loss is a concern. We demonstrate and validate FILTER's effectiveness using European-scale data originating from the two community-based monitoring networks, sensor.community and PurpleAir with QC-ed/corrected output including 37,085 locations and 521,115,762 hourly timestamps. Results facilitate uptake and adoption of crowd-sourced LCS data in regulatory applications.
2025
Mapping human-nature archetypes to guide global biodiversity, food security and land use policy
Reconciling biodiversity conservation, food security, and sustainable agriculture at global scale requires a clear understanding of regional social-ecological opportunities and challenges. This understanding helps untap regional contributions to better achieve global policy targets, such as those framed in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Yet previous global syntheses of social-ecological interlinkages remain limited in thematic and spatial detail, restricting the discussion of regional contributions and targeted policy implementation. Here, we present 25 human-nature archetypes derived from clustering of global social-ecological data revealing regional opportunities and challenges for meeting global policy targets. Our results differentiate regions with large conservation opportunities from those well suited for ecological restoration or ecological intensification. They highlight the widespread need for improving governance to enhance food security and re-design agricultural systems. Overall, our analysis supports international and national decision makers in tailoring GBF targets to regional specificities in order to more effectively achieve global sustainability goals.
2025
This report documents the EMEP VOC monitoring carried out in 2023. The levels of the measured species in 2023 are presented as well as the 2023-status and history of the VOC programme. The geographical pattern of the species in Europe is discussed as well as the long-term trend during the last 20 years.
NILU
2025
2025
2025
2025
HTAP3 Fires: towards a multi-model, multi-pollutant study of fire impacts
Open biomass burning has major impacts globally and regionally on atmospheric composition. Fire emissions include particulate matter, tropospheric ozone precursors, and greenhouse gases, as well as persistent organic pollutants, mercury, and other metals. Fire frequency, intensity, duration, and location are changing as the climate warms, and modelling these fires and their impacts is becoming more and more critical to inform climate adaptation and mitigation, as well as land management. Indeed, the air pollution from fires can reverse the progress made by emission controls on industry and transportation. At the same time, nearly all aspects of fire modelling – such as emissions, plume injection height, long-range transport, and plume chemistry – are highly uncertain. This paper outlines a multi-model, multi-pollutant, multi-regional study to improve the understanding of the uncertainties and variability in fire atmospheric science, models, and fires' impacts, in addition to providing quantitative estimates of the air pollution and radiative impacts of biomass burning. Coordinated under the auspices of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution, the international atmospheric modelling and fire science communities are working towards the common goal of improving global fire modelling and using this multi-model experiment to provide estimates of fire pollution for impact studies. This paper outlines the research needs, opportunities, and options for the fire-focused multi-model experiments and provides guidance for these modelling experiments, outputs, and analyses that are to be pursued over the next 3 to 5 years. The paper proposes a plan for delivering specific products at key points over this period to meet important milestones relevant to science and policy audiences.
2025
Monitoring of long-range transported air pollutants in Norway. Annual Report 2024
This report presents results from the monitoring of atmospheric composition and deposition of air pollution in 2024, and focuses on main components in air and precipitation, particulate and gaseous phase of inorganic constituents, particulate carbonaceous matter, ground level ozone and particulate matter.
NILU
2025
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) accumulate high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been linked to immunomodulation. Over the past decades, large-scale mortality events associated with cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) have affected cetacean populations, and concerns have been raised about the role of contaminants in exacerbating these outbreaks. However, establishing cause-effect relationships in free-roaming cetaceans remains a significant challenge. In vitro approaches present unique potential for furthering our understanding of the effects of multiple environmental stressors in marine mammal health. In this study, we used primary fibroblasts cultured from wild Norwegian killer whale skin biopsies (n = 6) to assess how exposure to POP mixtures affects cell viability and CeMV replication. Our findings demonstrate that CeMV successfully replicates in killer whale fibroblasts, with the viral replication significantly increasing over the duration of the experiment. POP exposure led to a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability and a significant increase in viral replication. These results validate killer whale primary fibroblasts as a valuable in vitro tool for the study of co-exposure of POPs and morbillivirus on toothed cetaceans. Moreover, these findings support the need for further research to confirm the role of contaminants in intensifying the severity of CeMV infections in the wild.
2025
2025
¿Los océanos son una solución o un riesgo en la lucha contra el cambio climático?
Un nuevo estudio de la Universidad Noruega de Ciencia y Tecnología y otras instituciones de Europa analizó su rol en la reducción de dióxido de carbono y sus desafíos tecnológicos. Los resultados del trabajo presentado en la cumbre global COP30
2025
2025