Publications

Possible future petroleum activity west of the delimitation line in the Barents Sea South. Consequences of emissions to air. NILU OR

Solberg, S.; Svendby, T.; Gjerstad, K.I.; Liu, L.; Wathne, B.M.; Skjelkvåle, B.L.; Høgåsen, T.; Aarrestad, P.A.; Gjershaug, J.O.

Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) and the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) have concidered the effects on the environment of emissions of NOx, SO2 and particulate matter into the air from any future petroleum activity in Barents-sea. It is estimated deposition of nitrogen, sulfur and particulates - also formation of ozone is calculated. It is also considered what effect it has on nature. Calculations indicate that emissions most likely will not lead to negative effects on vegetation and fauna of the terrestrial impact area.

Possible evidence for a connection between methyl iodide emissions and Saharan dust.

Williams, J.; Gros, V.; Atlas, E.; Maciejczyk, K.; Batsaikhan, A.; Schöler, H.F.; Forster, C.; Quack, B.; Yassaa, N.; Sander, R.; Van Dingenen, R.

Possibilities and limitations of different separation and detection systems in trace analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. NILU F

Berger, U.

Population pharmacokinetic modeling of CSF to blood clearance: prospective tracer study of 161 patients under work-up for CSF disorders

Hovd, Markus Herberg; Mariussen, Espen; Uggerud, Hilde Thelle; Lashkarivand, Aslan; Christensen, Hege; Ringstad, Geir; Eide, Per Kristian

Background
Quantitative measurements of cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance has previously not been established for neurological diseases. Possibly, variability in cerebrospinal fluid clearance may affect the underlying disease process and may possibly be a source of under- or over-dosage of intrathecally administered drugs. The aim of this study was to characterize the cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance of the intrathecally administered magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent gadobutrol (Gadovist, Bayer Pharma AG, GE). For this, we established a population pharmacokinetic model, hypothesizing that cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance differs between cerebrospinal fluid diseases.

Methods
Gadobutrol served as a surrogate tracer for extra-vascular pathways taken by several brain metabolites and drugs in cerebrospinal fluid. We estimated cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance in patients with different cerebrospinal fluid disorders, i.e. symptomatic pineal and arachnoid cysts, as well as tentative spontaneous intracranial hypotension due to cerebrospinal fluid leakage, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or different types of hydrocephalus (idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, communicating- and non-communicating hydrocephalus). Individuals with no verified cerebrospinal fluid disturbance at clinical work-up were denoted references.

Results
Population pharmacokinetic modelling based on 1,140 blood samples from 161 individuals revealed marked inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetic profiles, including differences in absorption half-life (time to 50% of tracer absorbed from cerebrospinal fluid to blood), time to maximum concentration in blood and the maximum concentration in blood as well as the area under the plasma concentration time curve from zero to infinity. In addition, the different disease categories of cerebrospinal fluid diseases demonstrated different profiles.

Conclusions
The present observations of considerable variation in cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance between individuals in general and across neurological diseases, may suggest that defining cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance can become a useful diagnostic adjunct for work-up of cerebrospinal fluid disorders. We also suggest that it may become useful for assessing clearance capacity of endogenous brain metabolites from cerebrospinal fluid, as well as measuring individual cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance of intrathecal drugs.

Popular dissemination of the COPOL project - lessons learned. NILU F

Ruus, A.; Gabrielsen, G.W.; Evenset, A.; Christensen, G.; Heimstad, E.S.; Øverjordet, I.B.

POPs in humans.

Hanssen, L.

POPs and particulate matter in the context of long-range atmospheric transport. Powerpoint presentation. NILU F

Breivik, K.

POP's in krill from Antarctica. Report APN-430.1876

Carroll, J.L.; Götsch, A.; Evenset, A.; Berger, U.; Herzke, D.

POP model intercomparison study. Stage II. Comparison of mass balance estimates and sensitivity studies. DRAFT. EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report, 4/2005

Shatalov, V.; Mantseva, E.; Baart, A.; Bartlett, P.; Breivik, K.; Christensen, J.; Dutchak, S.; Gong, S.; Gusev, A.; Hansen, K.M.; Hollander, A.; Huang, P.; Hungerbuhler, K.; Jones, K.; Petersen, G.; Roemer, M.; Scheringer, M.; Stocker, J.; Suzuki, N.; Sweetman, A.; van de Meent, D.; Wegmann, F.

POP model intercomparison study. Stage 1. Comparison of descriptions of main processes determining POP behaviour in various environmental compartments. EMEP MSC-E Technical Report, 1/2004

Shatalov, V.; Mantseva, E.; Baart, A.; Bartlett, P.; Breivik, K.; Christensen, J.; Dutchak, S.; Kallweit, D.; Farret, R.; Fedyunin, M.; Gong, S.; Hansen, K.M.; Holoubek, I.; Huang, P.; Jones, K.; Matthies, M.; Petersen, G.; Prevedouros, K.; Pudykiewicz, J.; Roemer, M.; Salzmann, M.; Scheringer, M.; Stocker, J.; Strukov, B.; Suzuki, N.; Sweetman, A.; van de Meent, D.; Wegmann, F.

POP emission inventories on different scales and their future trends.

Theloke, J.; Breivik, K.; van der Gon, H.D.; Kugler, U.; Li, Y-F.; Pacyna, J.; Panasiuk, D.; Sundseth, K.; Sweetman, A.; Tao, S.

Polyfluoroalkylphosphates (PAPs) and perfluorinated phosphonic acids (PFPAs). NILU F

Huber, S.; Herzke, D.; Schlabach, M.