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Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a key transboundary air pollutant that contributes to the impacts of nitrogen and acidity on terrestrial ecosystems. Ammonia also contributes to the atmospheric aerosol that affects air quality. Emission inventories indicate that NH3 was predominantly emitted by agriculture over the 19th and 20th centuries but, up to now, these estimates have not been compared to long-term observations. To document past atmospheric NH3 pollution in south-eastern Europe, ammonium (NH) was analysed along an ice core extracted from Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus, Russia. The NH ice-core record indicates a 3.5-fold increase in concentrations between 1750 and 1990 CE. Remaining moderate prior to 1950 CE, the increase then accelerated to reach a maximum in 1989 CE. Comparison between ice-core trends and estimated past emissions using state-of-the-art atmospheric transport modelling of submicron-scale aerosols (FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion) model) indicates good agreement with the course of estimated NH3 emissions from south-eastern Europe since ∼ 1750 CE, with the main contributions from south European Russia, Türkiye, Georgia, and Ukraine. Examination of ice deposited prior to 1850 CE, when agricultural activities remained limited, suggests an NH ice concentration related to natural soil emissions representing ∼ 20 % of the 1980–2009 CE NH level, a level mainly related to current agricultural emissions that almost completely outweigh biogenic emissions from natural soil. These findings on historical NH3 emission trends represent a significant contribution to the understanding of ammonia emissions in Europe over the last 250 years.
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Measurements of air quality and corrosion risk at the Railway Museum in Warsaw. NILU OR
Measurements of the concentration of SO2, of aerosol concentration in air and of the composition and mass of water soluble cations and anions were performed during four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter, at two locations of the Railway Museum in Warsaw: Central Warsaw and Sochazew, which is located 50 km west of Warsaw. The time of wetness was calculated from precipitation data available from the Warsaw Targowek meteorological station. The measurements indicated a low to medium corrosivity for the atmospheres, which is typical for northern European inland environments with low chloride concentrations and relatively low SO2 concentration. The measurements indicated that sulphur dioxide SO2 was the main pollutant which gave increased corrosion at the sites, especially in Sochaczew, and that the presence of chloride, Cl-, and sulphate, SO42-, in the aerosol at significant levels contributed to the corrosion. Higher levels of Cl-, SO42- and H+ were measured in Sochaczew than in central Warsaw. The ISO 9223 corrosion category for SO2 and Cl- was 0 in central Warsaw and 1 in Sochaczew, indicating a significant contribution to the corrosion from anthropogenic sources in Sochaczew. The values for SO2 are slightly higher, but the PM10 values are lower, than tolerable levels for immovable (i.e. outdoor) cultural heritage given in a European wide assessment performed for CAFÉ (EU programme: Clean Air For Europe). The main factor that increases the corrosion to a higher ISO category (2-3) at the locations is the relatively humid climate. A further reduction of air pollutants should further reduce the corrosion, but the largest potential protection effect would be from measures to shelter the objects form rain and reduce the humidity in the air around the objects, e.g. by moving vulnerable smaller objects or particularly valuable objects to the indoor or applying other options for sheltering.
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Measurements of dust and ammonia around Aluscan NILU OR
Monthly values of dustfall is measured at three places around Aluscan and daily values of TSP (PM10 and PM2.5) at two places in 2001-2002. In addition weekly values of NH3 is measured at three places in i 2002.
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