Found 9759 publications. Showing page 308 of 391:
2010
Rotational Raman scattering (RRS) causes filling-in of absorption lines in Earth shine spectra. It is routinely accounted for in analysis of UV and visible spectra measured both by satellite and ground-based instruments. RRS is also present at longer wavelengths, however, the magnitude generally decreases with increasing wavelength due to decrease in the scattering cross section. For high-resolution spectral measurements the effect may be noticeable. Depending on the application, RRS thus needs to be quantified and possibly corrected for. Of special interest is the effect of RRS in the O2-A (759-769 nm) and O2-B (686-697 nm) bands. Here, the effect of RRS in these bands is studied for the present and future satellite instruments CarbonSat, FLEX/FLORIS, MERIS and OLCI.
2012
2024
Russian-Norwegian ambient air monitoring in the border areas. Report M-322
The report presents the levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals (nickel and copper) in ambient air at the Russian monitoring stations in Nikel and Zapoljarny and the Norwegian stations in Karpdalen and Svanvik. MUGMS and NILU use internationally well recognized the state-of-the-art methods for analyzing both SO2 and heavy metals. SO2 emissions and ambient air levels have decreased over the last two decades, but elevated levels of SO2 were observed in Nikel and Zapoljarny in the period 2009-2012, exceeding the Russian norms.
The border areas in Norway experienced levels of SO2 exceeding the Norwegian air quality standards over the years 2011-2012. The levels of heavy metals did not exceed neither the Russian norms for heavy metals, nor the Norwegian annual mean target values for heavy metal. The levels of both SO2 and heavy metals were higher at the Russian stations than the Norwegian stations. The Russian monitoring stations are located closer to the emission sources in Nikel and Zapoljarny.
2015
Russian-Norwegian ambient air monitoring in the border areas. Updated joint report 2010 - 2015.
The report presents the levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals (nickel and copper) in ambient air at the Russian monitoring stations in Nikel and Zapoliarny and the Norwegian monitoring stations in Karpdalen abd Svanvik in 2010-2015.
MUGMS and NILU use internationally well recognized state-ofthe-art methods for analyzing both SO2 and heavy metals. Concerning SO2, the monitoring methods and limit values are comparable. The sampling methods and limit values for heavy metals are different. It makes it challenging to compare the results for heavy metals. The expert group exchange information and knowledge, and try to achieve harmonized methods. Emissions of SO2 in ambient air have decreased over the last two decades, but elevated levels of SO2 were observed in Nikel and Zapoliarny, exceeding the Russian norms. Monitoring results from the Norwegian border areas show that the levels of SO2 were exceeding the Norwegian air quality standards. The levels of heavy metals did not exceed neither the Russian norms for heavy metals, nor the Norwegian annual mean target values for heavy metals. The registered levels of both SO2 and heavy metals in ambient air were higher at the Russian stations than the Norwegian stations. The Russian monitoring stations are located closer to the emission sources in Nikel and Zapoliarny.
2017
Rv. 83 Seljestad - Sama. Evaluating air quality around tunnel outlets. NILU OR
Dispersion calculations regarding the tunnel connections along Rv. 83 Seljestad ¿ Sama, Harstad county. Maximum concentrations and dispersion distances have been calculated.
2014
2020
2011
Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
2021
Safety-by-design and engineered nanomaterials: the need to move from theory to practice
As the governance of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) evolves, innovations in the prevention, mitigation, management, and transfer of risk shape discussion of how nanotechnology may mature and reach various marketplaces. Safety-by-Design (SbD) is one leading concept that, while equally philosophy as well as risk-based practice, can uniquely help address lingering uncertainties and concerns stemming from regulatory evaluation of ENM risk across worker, consumer, and environmental safety. This paper provides a discussion on the SbD concept across different disciplines aiming to identify different approaches and needs to meet regulatory requirements—ultimately, we argue that SbD is evolving both to meet the needs and discourse of various disciplines, and to apply within differing marketplaces and national regulatory structures. Understanding how SbD has evolved within ENM can yield a more practical application and development of SbD, and help guide or unify national and international ENM governance around a core set of safety-driven principles.
Springer
2023
2009
2010
2021