Found 9990 publications. Showing page 35 of 400:
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2011
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2011
Thirteenth EIONET workshop on air quality management and assessment, Brugge, Belgium 29-30 September 2008. Proceedings. ETC/ACC Technical paper, 2008/11
2008
2012
Understanding nanomaterial (NM)–protein interactions is a key issue in defining the bioreactivity of NMs with great impact for nanosafety. In the present work, the complex phenomena occurring at the bio/nano interface were evaluated in a simple case study focusing on NM–protein binding thermodynamics and protein stability for three representative metal oxide NMs, namely, zinc oxide (ZnO; NM-110), titanium dioxide (TiO2; NM-101), and silica (SiO2; NM-203). The thermodynamic signature associated with the NM interaction with an abundant protein occurring in most cell culture media, bovine serum albumin (BSA), has been investigated by isothermal titration and differential scanning calorimetry. Circular dichroism spectroscopy offers additional information concerning adsorption-induced protein conformational changes. The BSA adsorption onto NMs is enthalpy-controlled, with the enthalpic character (favorable interaction) decreasing as follows: ZnO (NM-110) > SiO2 (NM-203) > TiO2 (NM-101). The binding of BSA is spontaneous, as revealed by the negative free energy, ΔG, for all systems. The structural stability of the protein decreased as follows: TiO2 (NM-101) > SiO2 (NM-203) > ZnO (NM-110). As protein binding may alter NM reactivity and thus the toxicity, we furthermore assessed its putative influence on DNA damage, as well as on the expression of target genes for cell death (RIPK1, FAS) and oxidative stress (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GSTK1) in the A549 human alveolar basal epithelial cell line. The enthalpic component of the BSA–NM interaction, corroborated with BSA structural stability, matched the ranking for the biological alterations, i.e., DNA strand breaks, oxidized DNA lesions, cell-death, and antioxidant gene expression in A549 cells. The relative and total content of BSA in the protein corona was determined using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. For the present case study, the thermodynamic parameters at bio/nano interface emerge as key descriptors for the dominant contributions determining the adsorption processes and NMs toxicological effect.
2020
2025
2025
In this study we produce two urban development scenarios estimating potential urban sprawl and optimized development concerning building construction, and we simulate their influence on air temperature, surface temperatures and human thermal comfort. We select two heat waves representative for present and future conditions of the mid 21st century and simulations are run with the Town Energy Balance Model (TEB) coupled online and offline to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Global and regional climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario causes an increase of daily maximum air temperature in Vienna by 7 K. The daily minimum air temperature will increase by 2–4 K. Changes caused by urban growth or densification mainly affect air temperature and human thermal comfort locally where new urbanisation takes place and does not occur significantly in the central districts. A combination of near zero-energy standards and increasing albedo of building materials on the city scale accomplishes a maximum reduction of urban canyon temperature achieved by changes in urban parameters of 0.9 K for the minima and 0.2 K for the maxima. Local scale changes of different adaptation measures show that insulation of buildings alone increases the maximum wall surface temperatures by more than 10 K or the maximum mean radiant temperature (MRT) in the canyon by 5 K. Therefore, measures to reduce MRT within the urban canyons like tree shade are needed to complement the proposed measures. This study concludes that the rising air temperatures expected by climate change puts an unprecedented heat burden on Viennese inhabitants, which cannot easily be reduced by measures concerning buildings within the city itself. Additionally, measures such as planting trees to provide shade, regional water sensitive planning and global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce temperature extremes are required.
2019
1999
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2008
The who, why and where of Norway's CO
We present emissions from Norway’s tourist travel by the available transport modes, i.e., aviation, maritime (ferries and cruises) and land-based transport (road and railways). Our study includes detailed information on both domestic and international tourist travel within, from and to Norway. We have coupled statistics from several large surveys with detailed emission data to allow us to separate the purpose of the travel (holiday or business).
Total transport emissions for tourists in 2018 were estimated to be 8 530 kt, equivalent to 19% of the reported Norwegian national emissions. Of these emissions, international tourists visiting Norway were responsible for 3 273 kt , whereas travel by Norwegians accounted for 4 875 kt , most of which occur outside Norway’s reporting obligations. Aviation and maritime transport were found to be the largest emission sources, responsible for 71% and 21% of total emissions, respectively. The reduction due to the COVID-19 pandemic was approximately 60% in 2020, and was sustained throughout the year.
Our study shows that officially reported emissions, as limited to the countries territory, are not suitable for accurate evaluation of transport emissions related to tourism. A consumer or tourist-based calculation gives a marked redistribution of emission responsibility. Our results indicate that emissions from Norwegian residents travelling abroad are 1 602 kt higher than those from tourists coming to Norway. This is driven by frequent trips to popular tourist destinations such as Spain, Thailand, Turkey and Greece. Globally consumer based calculations would shift the responsibility of emissions by tourists to the large wealthy nations, with the most international tourists. The understanding of emission distributed by population group or market support in addition the developing of marketing strategies to attract low emission tourist markets and create awareness among the nations with higher shares of international tourist.
2021
2020
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2013
The Volcanic Ash Strategic Initiative Team (VAST) - operational testing activities and exercises. NILU F
2013
2018
2018