Found 9763 publications. Showing page 86 of 391:
Condensable primary organic aerosol (CPOA) emissions are a class of organic compounds that are vapour phase at stack conditions, but which can undergo both condensation and evaporation processes as the stack air is cooled and diluted upon discharge into ambient air. Emission factors may misrepresent, and even miss, the amount of particulate matter (PM) or gas that actually enters the atmosphere, depending on the emission measurement techniques used. In the current emission reporting to EMEP/CLRTAP there is no clear definition of whether condensable organics are included or not, and, if included, to what extent.
In this study, new residential combustion emission estimates have been made for the years 2005-2019 (called TNO Ref2_v2.1) in a consistent manner, with improved estimation of fuel consumption (in particular wood) and emission factors, as well as an updated split of fuel use over different appliances and technologies. For these two elements, data were taken primarily from the Eurostat fuel statistics and the IIASA GAINS model. Three scenarios have been defined: a “typical” case, which is our best estimate, an alternative “ideal” case which excludes the impact of “bad combustion”, and a “high EF” scenario in which higher emission factors are assumed than in the typical scenario. Total emissions in the typical scenario are around 40% higher than in the ideal case (in 2019), whereas resulting emissions in the “high EF” scenario are around 90% higher than in the typical scenario.
The Ref2_v2.1 inventory was used in a series of modelling studies which aimed to assess the importance of condensable organics for current air quality, for trends over time (2010–2019), and for source-receptor calculations.
Including condensables in a consistent way for all countries gave model results (concentrations, trends and bias) in better agreement with observations for OC and PM2.5 than when using the EMEP emissions which have condensables for some countries but not others. However, the model results were sensitive to the choice of Ref2_v2.1 scenario, and also to the assumptions concerning volatility of the CPOA emissions, and assumptions about extra intermediate-volatility volatile organic compounds (IVOC) associated with such emissions.
No single setup performed best for each site. There are many factors that can contribute to such mixed results (activity data, emissions factors, assumed combustion conditions, large and small scale spatial distributions issues in emissions, dispersion and CPOA/IVOC assumptions in the modelling), and much further work (and with other observational data-sets) will be needed to disentangle the reasons for model-measurement discrepancies, and to draw conclusions on how realistic the new emissions are.
Assumptions about volatility seem to be important for both the country-to-itself contribution, and for impacts of each country on others. In the few cases investigated so far, assuming inert CPOA provides results which generally lie within the range of the more complex VBS scenarios. Given the many uncertainties associated with the emissions and the modelling of POA and SOA, these results indicates that the inert CPOA assumptions provide a reasonable first approach for handling POA emissions, which can hopefully be improved once our understanding of the sources and processing of these compounds improves.
The new emission data-base, combined with increasing availability of measurements of organic and other components, should provide the best available basis for future improvements in both the emission inventories and model formulations. Much analysis and further tests remain, both with the other model setups, and ideally with alternative secondary organic aerosol schemes to get a better idea of the sensitivity of the results to the various assumptions concerning both emissions and atmospheric processing of POA.
Nordic Council of Ministers
2022
Black carbon emitted by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has a net warming effect in the atmosphere and reduces the albedo when deposited on ice and snow; accurate knowledge of past emissions is essential to quantify and model associated global climate forcing. Although bottom-up inventories provide historical Black Carbon emission estimates that are widely used in Earth System Models, they are poorly constrained by observations prior to the late 20th century. Here we use an objective inversion technique based on detailed atmospheric transport and deposition modeling to reconstruct 1850 to 2000 emissions from thirteen Northern Hemisphere ice-core records. We find substantial discrepancies between reconstructed Black Carbon emissions and existing bottom-up inventories which do not fully capture the complex spatial-temporal emission patterns. Our findings imply changes to existing historical Black Carbon radiative forcing estimates are necessary, with potential implications for observation-constrained climate sensitivity.
Springer Nature
2023
2022
2023
2008
2008
2010
Dispersion calculations and stack height calculations have been carried out for emissions from a bio and gas fueled incinerator at Nydalen, Oslo. Contribution to NO2-concentrations from the facility will be acceptable with input data used and recommended stack height
2011
2010
2023
2021
Review on the methodology supporting the health impact assessment by the European Environment Agency
2020
2017
Review of the Assessment of Industrial Emissions with Mosses
På oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet har NILU - Norsk institutt for luftforskning, gjort en litteraturstudie innenfor temaet
«Vurdering av industriutslipp ved bruk av mose». Hensikten er å framskaffe en oversikt over hva som er publisert av kunnskap om eventuelle sammenhenger mellom metallkonsentrasjoner målt i mose og utslippsmengder, luftkvalitet, opptak i andre
organismer og betydning for miljø og helse. Det er i tillegg etterspurt informasjon om hvorvidt andre land benytter
moseundersøkelse rundt industri og eventuelt hvordan disse resultatene blir brukt av myndigheter. Litteratursøket resulterte i 51 relevante publikasjoner hvor de fleste er fra perioden 2016-2019. Resultatene fra disse publikasjonene viser at mose er en god passiv prøvetaket for luftforurensinger og kan gi verdifull informasjon om kjemisk signatur og deposisjon av metaller. Det er ikke funnet noen studier som relaterer konsentrasjon i mose med luftkvalitet eller mengde utslipp fra utvalgte industrier. En enkelt studie forsøker å sette mosekonsentrasjoner i sammenheng med helseeffekter. En spørreundersøkelse blant deltakerland i ICP-Vegetation viser at resultater fra moseundersøkelser så langt ikke er benyttet av myndigheter i reguleringssammenheng eller lovgivning.
NILU
2019
2004
This report presents the results of the European Union Action
on Black Carbon in the Arctic (EUA-BCA) initiative’s review of
observation capacities and data availability for black carbon in the Arctic region.
EUA-BCA/AMAP
2019
2020
Review of methods that can be used in the assessment of atmospheric deposition
There are three main approaches for estimating the atmospheric deposition: 1) From measurements of air and precipitation chemistry combined with statistical interpolation, 2) Chemical transport models, 3) Combined observations and atmospheric model calculations. This report reviews these different approaches and come with some general recommendations on the different strategies and the way forward for Poland.
The report was made for the project "Strengthening of atmospheric deposition assessment in Poland based on Norwegian experience" under the program "Environment, Energy and Climate Change", financed by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism 2014-2021".
NILU
2023
Review of Interpreting Gaseous Pollution Data Regarding Heritage Objects
Pollutant gases pose a significant risk to some cultural heritage objects, and surveys have shown that the professionals involved consider themselves to lack knowledge to fully assess risk. Three approaches towards risk assessment, research results, standards and damage functions have been considered. An assessment tool has been developed, collating over 4000 research reports into a scheme for the impact on 22 materials of acetic and formic acids, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and reduced sulphur gases. The application of doses or concentrations has been considered, the impact of measurement time compared to annual exposure investigated and a simple tool derived.
MDPI
2023
Review of assessment of existing CAS/DAS, review of technical specification for CAS/DAS. NILU OR
NILU and GIOS, Poland, are implementing the project "Strengthening the air quality assessment system in Poland, based on Norwegian experience" as part of the programme "Improving Environmental Monitoring and Inspection" within the framework of the European Economic Area 2009-2014.
This report is a NILU review of two assessment reports covering Iséo and CSMS data management systems in use in Poland and the draft technical tender for purchasing a new data management system to replace the Iséo systems.
GIOS has, as part of the preparation for tendering, assessed the existing systems in the 16 VIEPs and compiled their findings in two reports. The VIEPs currently have 3 different systems. In the draft tender GIOS asks for a replacement of the existing XR systems from Iséo used in 8 VIEPs.
NILU has reviewed the documents provided by GIOS. However, due to the limited time available for this review, NILU has not carried out any technical testing of the current operational acquisition system, for verification of the documents claim's.
The assessment reports give a good overview of the DAS and CAS systems used in the VIEPs regarding both technical issues and user experiences. The information in the reports feeds into report no. 3 on tender specifications.
2013