Found 9768 publications. Showing page 244 of 391:
Multi-Scale Soil Salinization Dynamics From Global to Pore Scale: A Review
Soil salinization refers to the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the upper part of the soil profile. Excessive levels of soil salinity affects crop production, soil health, and ecosystem functioning. This phenomenon threatens agriculture, food security, soil stability, and fertility leading to land degradation and loss of essential soil ecosystem services that are fundamental to sustaining life. In this review, we synthesize recent advances in soil salinization at various spatial and temporal scales, ranging from global to core, pore, and molecular scales, offering new insights and presenting our perspective on potential future research directions to address key challenges and open questions related to soil salinization. Globally, we identify significant challenges in understanding soil salinity, which are (a) the considerable uncertainty in estimating the total area of salt-affected soils, (b) geographical bias in ground-based measurements of soil salinity, and (c) lack of information and data detailing secondary salinization processes, both in dry- and wetlands, particularly concerning responses to climate change. At the core scale, the impact of salt precipitation with evolving porous structure on the evaporative fluxes from porous media is not fully understood. This knowledge is crucial for accurately predicting soil water loss due to evaporation. Additionally, the effects of transport properties of porous media, such as mixed wettability conditions, on the saline water evaporation and the resulting salt precipitation patterns remain unclear. Furthermore, effective continuum equations must be developed to accurately represent experimental data and pore-scale numerical simulations.
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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This report summarizes results from a project funded by the Research Council of Norway (196191/S30). The overall goal was to better understand and predict relationships between emissions of organic chemicals of emerging concern and their levels in the environment and food-chains of the Nordic region through integrated monitoring and modeling studies. Four case studies were selected (i) cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMSs) in the Inner Oslofjord, (ii) cVMSs in the Norwegian Arctic (iii) short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the Nordic environment and (iv) risk-based model screening of chemicals in commerce in the Nordic countries. We also provide a brief introduction to the key multimedia modelling tools which were used. It is our hope that these tools, targeting the behaviour of contaminants under relevant environmental and climatic conditions, may assist Nordic environmental authorities interested in understanding and managing organic contaminants.
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Multisensory Representation of Air Pollution in Virtual Reality: Lessons from Visual Representation
The world is facing the problem of anthropogenic climate
change and air pollution. Despite many years of development, already
established methods of influencing behaviour remain ineffective. The
effect of such interventions is very often a declaration of behaviour change
that is not followed by actual action. Moreover, despite intensive informa-
tion campaigns, many people still do not have adequate knowledge on the
subject, are not aware of the problem or, worse, deny its existence. Pre-
vious attempts to introduce real change were based on providing infor-
mation, persuasion or visualisation. We propose the use of multi-sensory
virtual reality to investigate the problem more thoroughly and then design
appropriate solutions. In this paper, we introduce a new immersive virtual
environment that combines free exploration with a high level of experi-
mental control, physiological and behavioural measures. It was created on
the basis of transdisciplinary scientific cooperation, participatory design
and research. We used the unique features of virtual environments to
reverse and expand the idea of pollution pods by Pinsky. Instead of closing
participants in small domes filled with chemical substances imitating pol-
lution, we made it possible for them to freely explore an open environment
- admiring the panorama of a small town from the observation deck located
on a nearby hill. Virtual reality technology enables the manipulation of
representations of air pollution, the sensory modalities with which they are
transmitted (visual, auditory, tactile and smell stimuli) and their intensity.
Participants’ reactions from the initial tests of the application showed that
it is a promising solution. We present the possibilities of applying the new
solution in psychological research and its further design and development
opportunities in collaboration with communities and other stakeholders
in the spirit of citizen science.
2022
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