Found 10000 publications. Showing page 28 of 400:
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2023
Concerns have been raised as to whether gunshot fumes induce prolonged reduced lung capacity or even cancer due to inhalation. Gunshot fumes from three different types of ammunition calibre 5.56 mm × 45 NATO were investigated. SS109 has a soft lead (Pb) core, while NM255 and NM229 have a harder steel core. Emissions from ammunitions were characterized with respect to particle number- and mass-size, and mass distribution, heavy metal content, and different gases. Lung epithelial cells were exposed to the fumes at the air liquid interface to elucidate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Irrespectively of ammunition type, the largest mass fraction of generated particulate matter (PM) had a size between 1 and 3 μm. The highest number of particles generated was in the size range of 30 nm. Fumes from NM255 and NM229 induced cytotoxic effects of which the emission from NM229 induced the highest effect. Fumes from NM229 induced a dose-related increase in DNA-damage. Significant effects were only achieved at the highest exposure level, which led to approximately 40% reduced cell viability after 24 h. The effect probably relates to the mass of emitted particles where the size may be of importance, in addition to emission of Cu and Zn. A complex mixture of chemical substances and PM may increase the toxicity of the fumes and should encourage measures to reduce exposure.
2021
2019
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2014
Towards the development of a commom EMEP global modeling framework. EMEP/MSC-W Technical report, 1/2008
2008
2008
The Pan-Eurasian Experiment Modelling Platform (PEEX-MP) is one of the key blocks of the PEEX Research Programme. The PEEX MP has more than 30 models and is directed towards seamless environmental prediction. The main focus area is the Arctic-boreal regions and China. The models used in PEEX-MP cover several main components of the Earth’s system, such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and biosphere, and resolve the physical-chemical-biological processes at different spatial and temporal scales and resolutions. This paper introduces and discusses PEEX MP multi-scale modelling concept for the Earth system, online integrated, forward/inverse, and socioeconomical modelling, and other approaches with a particular focus on applications in the PEEX geographical domain. The employed high-performance computing facilities, capabilities, and PEEX dataflow for modelling results are described. Several virtual research platforms (PEEX-View, Virtual Research Environment, Web-based Atlas) for handling PEEX modelling and observational results are introduced. The overall approach allows us to understand better physical-chemical-biological processes, Earth’s system interactions and feedbacks and to provide valuable information for assessment studies on evaluating risks, impact, consequences, etc. for population, environment and climate in the PEEX domain. This work was also one of the last projects of Prof. Sergej Zilitinkevich, who passed away on 15 February 2021. Since the finalization took time, the paper was actually submitted in 2023 and we could not argue that the final paper text was agreed with him.
2024
Circular Economy (CE) principles seek to eliminate hazardous substances and promote the reuse and recycling of plastic products. However, implementing these principles is challenging due to the wide variety of substances used in plastics, their potential health and environmental risks, the complexities of global supply chains, and concerns regarding reappearance of Chemicals of concern (CoCs) in post-recycled plastics (PRP). This study presents a novel approach for identifying CoCs in the waste stream by assessing the potential presence of chemicals in polymers across different industrial sectors and their hazard categories. With the objective of identifying CoCs that are most problematic regarding their reappearance in new products, selected CoCs are classified into four priority groups based on their physicochemical properties and molecular structures, for further risk and regulatory assessment. The first group includes 88 CoCs, that must be avoided in a circular economy, of which 70% are metalloids and 30% are organic additives. The second group comprises 167 CoCs, mainly additives, whose risks depend heavily on their concentration and specific use in products. The third and fourth groups consist of CoCs that are less frequently found in plastic waste and thus associated with relatively lower risks. Overall, this study offers a practical and adaptable tool to support the identification of hazardous substances in plastic waste, helping stakeholders make informed decisions by removing CoCs and promoting the development of safer alternatives for substitutions.
2026
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2024
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Towards operational satellite based atmospheric monitoring in Norway SatMoNAir. NILU OR
The SatMoNAir project [NSC contract nr. JOP.12.12.2] builds on a previous NRS 'følgemiddel'-project, called `Roadmap towards EarthCARE and Sentinel 5 precursor', within which NILU and met.no developed a strategy for how best to prepare themselves for future European satellite missions for measuring atmospheric composition, with respect to their national monitoring, weather predictions and research tasks. Three specific topics were considered particularly relevant: a. Aerosols ¿Climate effects in Scandinavia and polar regions: analysis of episodes with high aerosol loads for Klif reporting, b. the Use of satellite based ozone measurements in national reporting, and c. Satellite based Air Quality monitoring of remote areas for EMEP reporting. Results from the work performed are described in this report. The outcomes of the project have been utilized in support of the National monitoring of greenhouse gases and aerosols (see Myhre et al., 2012), the atmospheric ozone layer (see Svendby et al., 2012), and have been reported to EMEP.
2013
Bioaerosols interact with society and environment in a multi-faceted way. Information about biological aerosols in the atmosphere is at high demand for medical practitioners and allergy sufferers, climate change researchers, agriculture and forestry industries, air quality forecasters, a variety of information added-value businesses, and many other stakeholders. However, the monitoring practices established over 70 years ago and barely changed since then are country-specific, with varying data availability and usage policy. These roadblocks slow down cross-disciplinary research and development of measures to understand and, upon necessity, control societal and environmental impacts of bioaerosols.A series of technological breakthroughs during last 10 years introduced a variety of automatic particle counters capable of bioaerosol monitoring in real time. They paved the way to the volunteering consolidation of European aerobiologists to establish the EUMETNET AutoPollen Programme (www.autopollen.net), laid down the foundation for the bioaerosol monitoring infrastructure with the EU Horizon SYLVA project (A SYstem for reaL-time obserVation of Aeroallergens, https://sylva.bioaerosol.eu), initiated developments of European standards and guidelines for the automatic bioaerosol measurements with the EURAMET project BioAirMet, and started the European standardization effort with CEN WG 39.The new technologies allow to observe bioaerosol concentration in real time, analyze vertical concentration profiles via remote-sensing, perform metagenomic analysis of bioaerosols with the 3rd generation DNA sequencing technique, and combine these observations with atmospheric composition models. Newly established regional networks have been connected to regional atmospheric composition models, which assimilate the real-time regional data to improve the forecasts. It changes the existing paradigm of bioaerosol observations as the new monitoring networks involve large-scale data handling infrastructure, which also includes numerical models as an interface between the different technologies and a bridge to users of information.The new observations heavily rely on sophisticated technologies, such as high-resolution image analysis, holography, multi-band scatterometry and fluorescence spectrometry, lidar-based remote sensing, and nanotechnology for DNA sequencing. A particle recognition task, the key challenge for the new devices, is solved via machine learning approaches. Technological complexity of the new instruments and large amounts of raw data they produce have been recognized, and a European-scale solution has been proposed by AutoPollen/SYLVA. AutoPollen is being converted into a EUMETNET operational programme with the SYLVA infrastructure as its technological backbone. The programme, with support of Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu), ACTRIS aerosol monitoring network, and other stakeholders, will become operational from 2027. The central processing system will be hosted by Finnish Meteorological Institute with support of MeteoSwiss, Technical University of Munich, and all SYLVA partners. The pre-operational work of AutoPollen/SYLVA started already in 2025, owing to the efforts of the SYLVA consortium, its sister projects and collaborators. The programme is open for all European (and from outside Europe) groups performing automatic bioaerosol monitoring. AutoPollen offers technological and organizational support, community-developed bioaerosol monitoring solutions, and a motivated team of experts advancing the relevant research and applications.
2026
Towards Net Zero: Evaluating Combined Terrestrial and Marine CDR Approaches
With the global annual mean temperature in 2024 exceeding 1.5°C above preindustrial levels, there is an urgent need to investigate pathways for returning the Earth system to lower temperature levels. In addition to stringent emission reduction, we need portfolios of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) techniques to achieve the net-zero emission target. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate various land and ocean-based CDRs for their effectiveness, environmental risks, and additional benefits.
This study evaluates the CO₂ sequestration potential and efficacy of two prominent CDR methods—Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE)—applied both individually and in combination. Using the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2-LM), simulations were designed with ramped-up CDR deployment, targeting 5.2 million km² of bioenergy feedstock for BECCS and a CaO deployment rate of 2.7 Gt/year for OAE by 2100 across the exclusive economic zones of Europe, the United States, and China. The results reveal a nearly additive carbon removal effect of BECCS and OAE. Over the period 2030-2100, OAE sequestered a total of 7 ppm of CO2 with an accumulated 82.3 Gt CaO, achieving a CDR effectiveness of 0.08 ppm per Gt of CaO, while BECCS removes 23 ppm of CO2, with CDR effectiveness of 3.1 ppm per million km² of bioenergy crops. The combined BECCS-OAE simulation offsets anthropogenic CO₂ emissions of 5.4 Gt/year by 2100—equivalent to over 60% of current global transport sector emissions. However, the combined CDR scenario shows negligible effects on the global annual mean temperature, with no clear response detectable against the high internal variability. This underscores the limitations of current CDR approaches in addressing climate warming over the 21st century and emphasizes the need for substantial emissions reductions, supportive policies and diversified CDR strategies to facilitate a return to lower global temperatures.
2025