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Found 9884 publications. Showing page 314 of 396:

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Year  
Category

Concentrations of POPs in air and potential emissions from shipbreaking in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Nøst, T.; Halse, A.K.; Randall, S.; Schlabach, M.; Paul, A.; Rahman, A.; Breivik, K.

2015

Concentrations and radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols from 1750 to 2014 simulated with the Oslo CTM3 and CEDS emission inventory

Lund, Marianne Tronstad; Myhre, Gunnar; Haslerud, Amund Søvde; Skeie, Ragnhild Bieltvedt; Griesfeller, Jan; Platt, Stephen Matthew; Kumar, Rajesh; Myhre, Cathrine Lund; Schulz, Michael

We document the ability of the new-generation Oslo chemistry-transport model, Oslo CTM3, to accurately simulate present-day aerosol distributions. The model is then used with the new Community Emission Data System (CEDS) historical emission inventory to provide updated time series of anthropogenic aerosol concentrations and consequent direct radiative forcing (RFari) from 1750 to 2014.

Overall, Oslo CTM3 performs well compared with measurements of surface concentrations and remotely sensed aerosol optical depth. Concentrations are underestimated in Asia, but the higher emissions in CEDS than previous inventories result in improvements compared to observations. The treatment of black carbon (BC) scavenging in Oslo CTM3 gives better agreement with observed vertical BC profiles relative to the predecessor Oslo CTM2. However, Arctic wintertime BC concentrations remain underestimated, and a range of sensitivity tests indicate that better physical understanding of processes associated with atmospheric BC processing is required to simultaneously reproduce both the observed features. Uncertainties in model input data, resolution, and scavenging affect the distribution of all aerosols species, especially at high latitudes and altitudes. However, we find no evidence of consistently better model performance across all observables and regions in the sensitivity tests than in the baseline configuration.

Using CEDS, we estimate a net RFari in 2014 relative to 1750 of −0.17 W m−2, significantly weaker than the IPCC AR5 2011–1750 estimate. Differences are attributable to several factors, including stronger absorption by organic aerosol, updated parameterization of BC absorption, and reduced sulfate cooling. The trend towards a weaker RFari over recent years is more pronounced than in the IPCC AR5, illustrating the importance of capturing recent regional emission changes.

2018

Concentrations and geographical patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in meat from semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in Norway

Hassan, Ammar Eltayeb Ali; Nøst, Therese Haugdahl; Brustad, Magritt; Sandanger, Torkjel M

The study aimed at investigating the concentrations and geographical patterns of 11 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in reindeer muscle samples (n = 100) collected from 10 grazing districts in Norway, 2009. Concentrations were examined for patterns related to geographical region as well as age and sex of animals. Concentrations measured for PCBs and OCPs in reindeer meat samples were generally low. Geographical patterns were revealed and districts with previous mining activities, military trenches, or those that were in the vicinity of the Russian border exhibited slightly elevated concentrations compared to other districts. Calves (10 months) exhibited higher concentrations than young (1.5 year) and old animals (>2 years) adjusted for sex, whereas males exhibited higher concentrations than females, adjusted for age. All PCB congeners inter-correlated strongly with each other, whereas oxy-chlordane and heptachlor epoxide were the strongest inter-correlated OCP compounds. Concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in reindeer meat were all considerably lower than the maximum levels set for those contaminants in foodstuffs for safe human consumption by the European Commission. Thus, reindeer meat is not likely to be a substantial contributor to the human body burden of persistent organic pollutants.

Elsevier

2021

Concentrations and endocrine disruptive potential of phthalates in marine mammals from the Norwegian Arctic

Routti, Heli Anna Irmeli; Harju, Mikael; Lühmann, Katharina; Aars, Jon; Ask, Amalie; Goksøyr, Anders; Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian

This study investigated concentrations of phthalates (diesters of phthalic acids) in blubber/adipose tissue of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled in the Svalbard Archipelago (extending westward in the case of bowhead whales). Additionally, total concentrations (free and conjugated forms) of eight phthalate monoester metabolites were analysed in plasma of polar bears. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the only phthalate quantified among the 12 phthalates investigated. This compound was present in 6/7 fin whale samples, 4/7 blue whale samples, 2/5 bowhead whale samples and 1/12 polar bear samples. DEHP concentrations ranged from <20–398 ng/g wet weight. Phthalate metabolites, mono-n-butyl phthalate and monoisobutyl phthalate, were found in low concentrations (<1.2 ng/mL) in some of the polar bear samples. In vitro reporter gene assays were used to assess transcriptional activity of fin whale peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) by DEHP and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP). Due to the high degree of similarity of the ligand binding domain in the THRB and PPARG among whales, polar bears and humans, the transactivation results also apply for these species. DEHP showed both agonistic and antagonistic effects towards whale THRB at considerably higher concentrations than measured in the study animals; DiNP was a weak agonist of whale THRB. No significant agonistic or antagonistic effects were detected for DEHP or DiNP for whale PPARG, whereas DEHP and DiNP decreased basal luciferase activity mediated by whale GR at several test concentrations. In conclusion, DEHP was detected in the blubber of marine mammals from the Norwegian Arctic and it appears to have potential to modulate the transcriptional activity of whale THRB, but current DEHP concentrations do not modulate the function of the studied nuclear receptors in adipose tissue of blue whales, fin whales, bowhead whales or polar bears sampled from the Norwegian Arctic.

Elsevier

2021

Concentrations and deposition of acidifying pollutants.

Hole, L.; Christensen, J.; Ginzburg, V.A.; Makarov, V.; Pershina, N.A.; Polischuk, A.I.; Ruoho-Airola, T.; Svistov, P.P.; Vasilemko, V.N.

2006

Concentration Fluctuations from Localized Atmospheric Releases

Cassiani, Massimo; Bertagni, Matteo B.; Marro, Massimo; Salizzoni, Pietro

We review the efforts made by the scientific community in more than seventy years to elucidate the behaviour of concentration fluctuations arising from localized atmospheric releases of dynamically passive and non-reactive scalars. Concentration fluctuations are relevant in many fields including the evaluation of toxicity, flammability, and odour nuisance. Characterizing concentration fluctuations requires not just the mean concentration but also at least the variance of the concentration in the location of interest. However, for most purposes the characterization of the concentration fluctuations requires knowledge of the concentration probability density function (PDF) in the point of interest and even the time evolution of the concentration. We firstly review the experimental works made both in the field and in the laboratory, and cover both point sources and line sources. Regarding modelling approaches, we cover analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical methods. For clarity of presentation we subdivide the models in two groups, models linked to a transport equation, which usually require a numerical resolution, and models mainly based on phenomenological aspects of dispersion, often providing analytical or semi-analytical relations. The former group includes: large-eddy simulations, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes methods, two-particle Lagrangian stochastic models, PDF transport equation methods, and heuristic Lagrangian single-particle methods. The latter group includes: fluctuating plume models, semi-empirical models for the concentration moments, analytical models for the concentration PDF, and concentration time-series models. We close the review with a brief discussion highlighting possible useful additions to experiments and improvements to models.

Springer

2020

CON+AIR: Addressing Conflicts of Climate and Air Pollution

Ó Broin, Eion; Kelly, Andrew; Sousa Santos, Gabriela; Grythe, Henrik; Kelleher, Luke

The CON+AIR project presents two counterfactual scenarios for emissions and concentrations of air pollutants in Ireland in the year 2030.

Environmental Protection Agency

2019

CompSafeNano project: NanoInformatics approaches for safe-by-design nanomaterials

Zouraris, Dimitrios; Mavrogiorgis, Angelos; Tsoumanis, Andreas; Saarimaki, Laura Aliisa; del Giudice, Giusy; Federico, Antonio; Serra, Angela; Greco, Dario; Rouse, Ian; Subbotina, Julia; Lobaskin, Vladimir; Jagiello, Karolina; Ciura, Krzesimir; Judzinska, Beata; Mikolajczyk, Alicja; Sosnowska, Anita; Puzyn, Tomasz; Gulumian, Mary; Wepener, Victor; Martinez, Diego S. T.; Petry, Romana; El Yamani, Naouale; Rundén-Pran, Elise; Murugadoss, Sivakumar; Shaposhnikov, Sergey; Minadakis, Vasileios; Tsiros, Periklis; Sarimveis, Harry; Longhin, Eleonora Marta; Sengupta, Tanima; Olsen, Ann-Karin Hardie; Skakalova, Viera; Hutar, Peter; Dusinska, Maria; Papadiamantis, Anastasios; Gheorghe, L. Cristiana; Reilly, Katie; Brun, Emilie; Ullah, Sami; Cambier, Sebastien; Serchi, Tommaso; Tamm, Kaido; Lorusso, Candida; Dondero, Francesco; Melagrakis, Evangelos; Fraz, Muhammad Moazam; Melagraki, Georgia; Lynch, Iseult; Afantitis, Antreas

The CompSafeNano project, a Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) project funded under the European Union's Horizon 2020 program, aims to advance the safety and innovation potential of nanomaterials (NMs) by integrating cutting-edge nanoinformatics, computational modelling, and predictive toxicology to enable design of safer NMs at the earliest stage of materials development. The project leverages Safe-by-Design (SbD) principles to ensure the development of inherently safer NMs, enhancing both regulatory compliance and international collaboration. By building on established nanoinformatics frameworks, such as those developed in the H2020-funded projects NanoSolveIT and NanoCommons, CompSafeNano addresses critical challenges in nanosafety through development and integration of innovative methodologies, including advanced in vitro models, in silico approaches including machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven predictive models and 1st-principles computational modelling of NMs properties, interactions and effects on living systems. Significant progress has been made in generating atomistic and quantum-mechanical descriptors for various NMs, evaluating their interactions with biological systems (from small molecules or metabolites, to proteins, cells, organisms, animals, humans and ecosystems), and in developing predictive models for NMs risk assessment. The CompSafeNano project has also focused on implementing and further standardising data reporting templates and enhancing data management practices, ensuring adherence to the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data principles. Despite challenges, such as limited regulatory acceptance of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) currently, which has implications for predictive nanosafety assessment, CompSafeNano has successfully developed tools and models that are integral to the safety evaluation of NMs, and that enable the extensive datasets on NMs safety to be utilised for the re-design of NMs that are inherently safer, including through prediction of the acquired biomolecule coronas which provide the biological or environmental identities to NMs, promoting their sustainable use in diverse applications. Future efforts will concentrate on further refining these models, expanding the NanoPharos Database, and working with regulatory stakeholders thereby fostering the widespread adoption of SbD practices across the nanotechnology sector. CompSafeNano's integrative approach, multidisciplinary collaboration and extensive stakeholder engagement, position the project as a critical driver of innovation in NMs SbD methodologies and in the development and implementation of computational nanosafety.

Elsevier

2025

Comprehensive mass flow analysis of Swedish sludge contaminants.

Olofsson, U.; Brorström-Lundén, E.; Kylin, H.; Haglund, P.

2013

Comprehensive characterization of European house dust contaminants: Concentrations and profiles, geographical variability, and implications for chemical regulation and health risk

Haglund, Peter; Alygizakis, Nikiforos A.; Covaci, Adrian; Melymuk, Lisa; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla; Rostkowski, Pawel; Albinet, Alexandre; Alirai, Sylvana; Aurich, Dagny; Bieber, Stefan; Ballesteros-Gómez, Ana; Brennan, Amanda; Budzinski, Hélène; Castro, Gabriela; den Ouden, Fatima; Dévier, Marie-Hélène; Dulio, Valeria; Feng, Yong-Lai; Gabriel, Marta; Gallampois, Christine; Garcia-Vara, Manuel; Giovanoulis, Georgios; Harrad, Stuart; Jacobs, Griet; Jobst, Karl J.; Kaserzon, Sarit; Kumirska, Jolanta; Lestremau, Francois; Lambropoulou, Dimitra; Letzel, Thomas; López de Alda, Miren; Nipen, Maja; Oswald, Peter; Poma, Giulia; Přibylová, Petra; Price, Elliott J.; Raffy, Gaëlle; Schulze, Bastian; Schymanski, Emma L.; Senk, Petr; Wei, Si; Slobodnik, Jaroslav; Talavera Andújar, Begoña; Täubel, Martin; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Wang, Thanh; Wang, Xianyu

Elsevier

2024

Comprehensive assessment of nephrotoxicity of intravenously administered sodium-oleate-coated ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in rats.

Sebeková, K.; Dusinska, M.; Simon Klenovics, K.; Kollárová, R.; Boor, P.; Kebis, A.; Staruchová, M.; Vlková, B.; Celec, P.; Hodosy, J.; Baciak, L.; Tušková, R.; Beno, M.; Tulinská, J.; Príbojová, J.; Bilanicová, D.; Pojana, G.; Marcomini, A.; Volkovová, K.

2014

Composition of the spring Siberian troposphere during YAK-AEROSIB 2010: Influence of biomass burning, stratospheric intrusion and the Eyjafjöll eruption. NILU F

Paris, J.; Berchet, A.; Arshinov, M.; Nedelec, P.; Stohl, A.; Ancellet, G.; Law, K.; Belan, B. D.; Ramonet, M.; Ciais, P.

2010

Composition and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Northern Europe during winter

Glasius, M.; Hansen, A. M. K.; Claeys, M.; Henzing, J.S; Jedynska, A. D.; Kasper-Giebl, Anne; Kistler, M.; Kristensen, K.; Martinsson, J.; Maenhaut, W.; Nøjgaard, J.K.; Spindler, G.; Stenström, K. E.; Swietlicki, E.; Szidat, S.; Simpson, David; Yttri, Karl Espen

Elsevier

2018

Composition and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in the European Arctic at Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard (2017 to 2020)

Yttri, Karl Espen; Bäcklund, Are; Conen, Franz; Eckhardt, Sabine; Evangeliou, Nikolaos; Fiebig, Markus; Kasper-Giebl, Anne; Gold, Avram; Gundersen, Hans; Myhre, Cathrine Lund; Platt, Stephen Matthew; Simpson, David; Surratt, Jason D.; Szidat, Sönke; Rauber, Martin; Tørseth, Kjetil; Ytre-Eide, Martin Album; Zhang, Zhenfa; Aas, Wenche

We analyzed long-term measurements of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and source-specific organic tracers from 2017 to 2020 to constrain carbonaceous aerosol sources in the rapidly changing Arctic. Additionally, we used absorption photometer (Aethalometer) measurements to constrain equivalent black carbon (eBC) from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion, using positive matrix factorization (PMF).

Our analysis shows that organic tracers are essential for understanding Arctic carbonaceous aerosol sources. Throughout 2017 to 2020, levoglucosan exhibited bimodal seasonality, reflecting emissions from residential wood combustion (RWC) in the heating season (November to May) and from wildfires (WFs) in the non-heating season (June to October), demonstrating a pronounced interannual variability in the influence of WF. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) species (2-methyltetrols) from isoprene oxidation was only present in the non-heating season, peaking in July to August. Warm air masses from Siberia led to a substantial increase in 2-methyltetrols in 2019 and 2020 compared to 2017 to 2018. This highlights the need to investigate the contribution of local sources vs. long-range atmospheric transport (LRT), considering the temperature sensitivity of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from Arctic vegetation. Tracers of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs), including various sugars and sugar alcohols, showed elevated levels in the non-heating season, although with different seasonal trends, whereas cellulose had no apparent seasonality. Most PBAP tracers and 2-methyltetrols peaked during influence of WF emissions, highlighting the importance of measuring a range of source-specific tracers to understand sources and dynamics of carbonaceous aerosol. The seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol was strongly influenced by LRT episodes, as background levels are extremely low. In the non-heating season, the organic aerosol peak was as influenced by LRT, as was elemental carbon during the Arctic haze period.

Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol by Latin hypercube sampling showed mixed contributions from RWC (46 %), fossil fuel (FF) sources (27 %), and BSOA (25 %) in the heating season. In contrast, the non-heating season was dominated by BSOA (56 %), with lower contributions from WF (26 %) and FF sources (15 %).

Source apportionment of eBC by PMF showed that FF combustion dominated eBC (70±2.7 %), whereas RWC (22±2.7 %) was more abundant than WF (8.0±2.9 %). Modeled BC concentrations from FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) attributed an almost equal share to FF sources (51±3.1 %) and to biomass burning. Both FLEXPART and the PMF analysis concluded that RWC is a more important source of (e)BC than WF. However, with a modeled RWC contribution of 30±4.1 % and WF of 19±2.8 %, FLEXPART suggests relatively higher contributions to eBC from these sources. Notably, the BB fraction of EC was twice as high as that of eBC, reflecting methodological differences between source apportionment by LHS and PMF. However, important conclusions drawn are unaffected, as both methods indicate the presence of RWC- and WF-sourced BC at Zeppelin, with a higher relative BB contribution during the non-heating season.

In summary, organic aerosol (281±106 ng m−3) constitutes a significant fraction of Arctic PM10, although surpassed by sea salt aerosol (682±46.9 ng m−3), mineral dust (613±368 ng m−3), and typically non-sea-salt sulfate SO (314±62.6 ng m−3), originating mainly from anthropogenic sources in winter and from natural sources in summer.

2024

Composition and mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol in the Arctic

Gilardoni, Stefania; Mazzola, Mauro; Cheng, Zezhen; Lata, Nurun Nahar; China, Swarup; Aas, Wenche; Evangeliou, Nikolaos; Heslin-Rees, Dominic; Krejci, Radovan

2024

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