Found 9854 publications. Showing page 157 of 395:
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A strategy for how Norwegian applied organizations should prepare for the upcoming EarthCARE and Sentinel 5 precursor satellite missions is discussed, and long- and short-term plans are provided. The satellites and their potential products are discussed in terms of possible applications by NILU and met.no and data are considered for operational use in (a) reporting of climate gases, aerosols, ozone and UV to Klif, (b) EMEP reporting on aerosol and acidification/eutrophication, (c) chemical weather forecasting, (d) numerical weather forecasting and (e) research on Cloud-Aerosol-Radiation interaction.
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Monitoring long-range transboundary air pollution. Effects 2010. NIVA-rapport, 6214-2011
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The atmospheric gas phase photo-oxidation of methylamine (CH3NH2), dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH) and trimethylamine ((CH3)3N) has been studied under pseudo natural conditions at the European Photochemical Reactor, EUPHORE, in Valencia, Spain. Major products in the photo-oxidation were imines (methanimine and N-methyl-methanimine) and amides (formamide, N-methyl formamide and N,N-dimethyl formamide). Total aerosol yields obtained in EUPHORE experiments were between 8 and 14%. Mimicking conditions at Mongstad results in a steady-state nitrosamine concentration of less than 0.6 % of photo-oxidized dimethylamine and less than 1.1 % of photo-oxidized trimethylamine. For rural regions it is predicted that the formation yield of the corresponding nitramine in the atmospheric oxidation of CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH and (CH3)3N is less than 0.4 %, 2.5 % and 5 %, respectively. The major uncertainties in the current understanding of the fate of amines emitted to the atmosphere are related to night-time chemistry, to the chemistry of imines, and to chemistry in the aqueous aerosol.
2011
Measurements of air quality and corrosion risk at the Railway Museum in Warsaw. NILU OR
Measurements of the concentration of SO2, of aerosol concentration in air and of the composition and mass of water soluble cations and anions were performed during four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter, at two locations of the Railway Museum in Warsaw: Central Warsaw and Sochazew, which is located 50 km west of Warsaw. The time of wetness was calculated from precipitation data available from the Warsaw Targowek meteorological station. The measurements indicated a low to medium corrosivity for the atmospheres, which is typical for northern European inland environments with low chloride concentrations and relatively low SO2 concentration. The measurements indicated that sulphur dioxide SO2 was the main pollutant which gave increased corrosion at the sites, especially in Sochaczew, and that the presence of chloride, Cl-, and sulphate, SO42-, in the aerosol at significant levels contributed to the corrosion. Higher levels of Cl-, SO42- and H+ were measured in Sochaczew than in central Warsaw. The ISO 9223 corrosion category for SO2 and Cl- was 0 in central Warsaw and 1 in Sochaczew, indicating a significant contribution to the corrosion from anthropogenic sources in Sochaczew. The values for SO2 are slightly higher, but the PM10 values are lower, than tolerable levels for immovable (i.e. outdoor) cultural heritage given in a European wide assessment performed for CAFÉ (EU programme: Clean Air For Europe). The main factor that increases the corrosion to a higher ISO category (2-3) at the locations is the relatively humid climate. A further reduction of air pollutants should further reduce the corrosion, but the largest potential protection effect would be from measures to shelter the objects form rain and reduce the humidity in the air around the objects, e.g. by moving vulnerable smaller objects or particularly valuable objects to the indoor or applying other options for sheltering.
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Introduction
Brominated flame retardants such as the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and
hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are well known to be present in indoor air and dust and
contribute to human exposure. However, the influence of indoor contamination on human body
burdens is not fully understood. Some recent studies have suggested that for many individuals
indoor exposures may be comparable to or greater than the dietary intake. The aim of this study
was to characterize exposure pathways to PBDEs and HBCD and compare exposure estimates
with biomonitoring.
Materials and Methods
A study group of 41 female volunteers from the greater Oslo area, Norway was established.
Informed consent was obtained from all the participants and the project was approved by the
Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics. Samples of house dust as well as indoor air
from the women¿s residences were collected between February and May 2008. The women also
donated serum samples and completed a questionnaire covering demographic information, life
style factors as well as dietary habits. PBDEs and HBCD were determined in all samples types.
Results and discussion
The sum of six tri- to hexa BDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154) in the women¿s serum
ranged from 0.67 to 30 ng/g lipids, while BDE-209 ranged from 0.46 to 11 ng/g lipids. Of these
PBDEs, only BDE-28 and 47 were found above LOQ in air, in concentrations ranging from
0.78-58 and 1.3-63 ng/m3, respectively. In addition BDE-66 and BDE-49/71 were occasionally
detected. In house dust, the sum 6 PBDEs ranged from 9.3 to 662 ng/g, while the sum of ¿, ß,
and ¿-HBCD ranged from 55-2808 ng/g. Individual PBDE congeners were well correlated
within each sample type. Significant correlations were also found between individual PBDE
concentrations in air and dust as well as between sum 6 PBDE in dust and sum 6 PBDE in
serum. Assuming an ingestion of house dust of 50 mg per day, the intake of sum 6 PBDE ranged
from 0.008 to 0.47 ng/kg bw/day (mean 0.064 ng/kg bw/day). The corresponding value for sum
HBCD was 0.039-2.2 ng/kg bw/day (mean 0.30 ng/kg bw/day). The intake from food has not
been assessed in this cohort yet, but ongoing multivariate regression analyses point to
statistically significant associations between serum concentrations of PBDEs and some variables
in the indoor environment as well as the diet. The dietary intake was estimated to range from
0.14-3.6 ng/kg bw/day (mean 1.1 ng/kg bw/day) for sum 7 PBDEs (sum 6 PBDE + BDE-183)
and 0.06-0.87 (mean 0.27 ng/kg bw/day) for sum HBCD in one of our previous studies on
persons exposed to background contaminated food in Norway. These preliminary findings
suggest that exposure from house dust is important with respect to body burdens of BFRs,
HBCD in particular.
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Environmental information systems on the Internet: A need for change. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 359
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The city of Dhaka was chosen for this assessment due to the current ongoing project Bangladesh Air Pollution Management (BAPMAN), which concentrates mostly on the capital city Dhaka. The Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model (GAINS) was used to performed this top-down assessment due to the models integrated assessment approach of capturing interactions between air pollution control and economic development, as well as its focus on presenting cost effective pollution control strategies. Results from the GAINS model assessment for Dhaka shows that for 2010 the total PM2.5 emissions were 35000 tons/year, and the total PM10 emissions were 45000 tons/year. The top sectors making up the PM emissions included Industry and Residential sectors, where the specific sub-sectors were brick/cement production and residential cooking respectively; the top activities making up the emissions were 'no fuel use' and 'fuelwood direct'. GAINS estimates that the top 3 technical control measures available for PM can eliminate approximately 1/3 of the PM emissions at a cost of .65 MEuro/year. GAINS results also shows that for Dhaka in 2010 the total SO2 emissions were 34000 tons/year, dominated by the Industrial sector, made up of the sub-sectors of new power plants and industrial combustion; top activities contributing to these emissions are hard coal and natural gas. NOX emissions for Dhaka in 2010 were 30000 tons/year, dominated by the Industrial and Transport sectors, made up of the industrial combustion/power plant and light/heavy duty sub-sectors respectively; top activities contributing to these emissions include natural gas, gasoline, and medium distillates. GHG emissions for Dhaka in 2010 exceeded 23 million tons/year, dominated by the Industrial and Agricultural sectors, comprising of the industrial combustion and new power plant sub-sectors; top activities contributing to these emissions include natural gas and hard coal.
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