Found 2226 publications. Showing page 32 of 223:
This report presents the results of the European Union Action
on Black Carbon in the Arctic (EUA-BCA) initiative’s review of
observation capacities and data availability for black carbon in the Arctic region.
EUA-BCA/AMAP
2019
Kartlegging av lokal luftkvalitet i Hønefoss. Målinger 2018-2019.
NILU - Norsk institutt for luftforskning har på oppdrag fra Ringerike kommune gjennomført kartlegging av lokal luftkvalitet i Hønefoss. Måleprogrammet startet juni 2018 og ble avsluttet i mai 2019. Målingene ble gjennomført for å framskaffe kunnskapsgrunnlag for ny byplan i Hønefoss.
Måleprogrammet inneholdt måling av svevestøv og nitrogendioksid samt meteorologiske parametre som temperatur, trykk, relativ fuktighet og vind.
Årsmiddelkonsentrasjonen av PM2,5 lå under øvre, men over nedre vurderingsterskel. Årsmiddelverdiene av NO2 og PM10 lå ikke over nedre vurderingsterskel. Døgnmiddelverdier av PM10 og timemiddelkonsentrasjon av NO2 lå under øvre, men over nedre vurderingsterskel.
NILU
2019
Assessment of additives used in plastic in seabirds
Liver samples from 10 herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were investigated for a broad range of chemicals used as additives in plastic products. The aim of this study was to clarify if the ingestion of plastic by seabirds would cause additives to leach out and get taken up by the organism, posing a potential harm. After chemical trace analyses of the liver samples, considerable concentrations of S/MCCPs and dechloranes were detected. Of the other additive classes analysed for, only sporadic detections were observed. In general, the results from chemical analysis of additives used in plastic do not indicate a relationship between gastric contents (plastic occurrence in the stomach) and additive concentration in the liver, in respect to the chemical compounds investigated here.
NILU
2019
Air quality in Europe — 2019 report
This report presents an updated overview and analysis of air quality in Europe from 2000 to 2017. It reviews the progress made towards meeting the air quality standards established in the two EU Ambient Air Quality Directives and towards the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines (AQGs). It also presents the latest findings and estimates of population and ecosystem exposure to the air pollutants with the greatest impacts.
Publications Office of the European Union
2019
Tiltaksutredning for lokal luftkvalitet i Tromsø
Tiltaksutredningen, med handlingsplan og tiltak, skal bidra til å redusere luftforurensningen til et nivå som tilfredsstiller kravene i forurensningsforskriften. Tiltaksutredningen omfatter en kartlegging av luftkvaliteten i Tromsø ved trafikkberegninger og utslipps- og spredningsberegninger for PM10, PM2,5 og NO2 for Dagens situasjon 2016 og Framtidig situasjon 2023 med og uten tiltak mot svevestøv. Basert på resultatene fra beregningene og i samarbeid med oppdragsgiver og arbeidsgruppen, er det foreslått en revidert handlings- og beredskapsplan som skal behandles politisk.
NILU
2019
This report presents VOC measurements carried out during 2017 at EMEP monitoring sites. In total, 20 sites reported VOC data from EMEP VOC sites this year. Some of the data sets are considered preliminary and are not included in the report. The monitoring of NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons) has become more diverse with time in terms of instrumentation. Starting in the early 1990s with standardized methods based on manual sampling in steel canisters with subsequent analyses at the lab, the methods now consist of a variety of instruments and measurement principles, including automated continuous monitors and manual flask samples. For oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), sampling in DNPH-tubes with subsequent labanalyses is still the only method in use at EMEP sites. Within the EU infrastructure project ACTRIS-2, data quality issues related to measurements of VOC have been an important topic. Many of the institutions providing VOC data to EMEP have participated in the ACTRIS-2 project, either as formal partners or on a voluntary basis. Participation in ACTRIS-2 has meant an extensive effort with data checking including detailed discussions between the ACTRIS community and individual participants. There is no doubt that this extensive effort has benefited the EMEP program and has led to improved data quality in general. Comparison between median levels in 2017 compared to the medians of the previous 10-years period, revealed a similar north-to-south pattern for several species. Changes in instrumentation, procedures, station network etc. during the last two decades make it difficult to provide a rigorous and pan-European assessment of long-term trends of the observed VOCs. In this report we have estimated the longterm trends in NMHC over the 2000-2017 period at six selected sites by two independent statistical methods. These estimates indicate marked differences in the trends for the individual species. Small or non-significant trends were found for ethane over this period followed by propane which also showed fairly small reductions. On the other hand, components linked to road traffic (ethene, ethyne and toluene) showed the strongest drop in mean concentrations, up to 60-80% at some stations. The trend in n-butane was between these two groups of species with an estimated drop in the annual mean concentration of 20-50% over the 2000-2017 period.
NILU
2019
Målet med studien er å vurdere effekten av tilskudd til utskifting av gamle vedovner til nye rentbrennende ovner, og i hvilken grad ordningen har påvirket det totale partikkelutslippet og luftkonsentrasjoner i Oslo kommune. NILU har utført tre beregninger; 1) utslippsmodellering og spredningsberegninger for 4 ulike scenarioer; 2) utslippsreduksjon fra tilskuddsordningen i Oslo kommune; og 3) vurdering av tidsutvikling av vedfyringsutslipp, vedforbruk og utslippsfaktorer for kommuner med og uten tilskuddsordning. Modellering og vurdering av den potensielle utslippsreduksjonen som kan tilskrives tilskuddsordningen, viser at tilskuddsordningen potensielt har en stor effekt på reduksjon av partikkelutslipp og konsentrasjoner av PM2.5 og PM10. Beregnigene viser at tilskuddsordningen i Oslo kommune gir betydelig redusert utslippsfaktor over tid, men effekten på totalt PM-utslipp er liten.
NILU
2019
Trends in measured NO2 and PM. Discounting the effect of meteorology.
This report documents a study on long-term trends in observed atmospheric levels of NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 based on data from the European Environmental Agency (EEA) Airbase v8 (EEA, 2018). The main aim is to evaluate to what extent the observed time series could be simulated as a function of various local meteorological data plus a time-trend by a Generalized Additive Model (GAM). The GAM could be regarded an advanced multiple regression model. If successful, such a model could be used for several purposes; to estimate the long-term trends in NO2 and PM when the effect of the inter-annual variations in meteorology is removed, and secondly, to “explain” the concentration levels in one specific year in terms of meteorological anomalies and long-term trends. The GAM method was based on a methodology developed during a similar project in 2017 looking at the links between surface ozone and meteorology.
The input to the study consisted of gridded model meteorological data provided through the EURODELTA Trends project (Colette et al., 2017) for the 1990-2010 period as well as measured data on NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 extracted from Airbase v8. The measurement data was given for urban, suburban and rural stations, respectively. The analysis was split into two time periods, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 since the number of stations differ substantially for these periods and since there is reason to believe that the trends differ considerably between these two periods.
The study was focused on the 4-months winter period (Nov-Feb) since it was important to assure a period of the year with consistent and homogeneous relationships between the input explanatory data (local meteorology) and the levels of NO2 and PM. For NO2, this period will likely cover the season with the highest concentration levels whereas for PM high levels could be expected outside this period due to processes such as secondary formation, transport of Saharan dust and sea spray.
When measured by the R2 statistic, the GAM method performed best for NO2 in Belgium, the Netherlands, NW Germany and the UK. Significantly poorer performance was found for Austria and areas in the south. For PM10 there were less clear geographical patterns in the GAM performance.
Based on a comparison between the meteorologically adjusted trends and plain linear regression, our results indicate that for the 1990-2000 period meteorology caused an increase in NO2 concentrations that counteracted the effect of reduced emissions. For the period 2000-2010 we find that meteorology lead to reduced NO2 levels in the northwest and a slight increase in the south.
The amount of observational data is much less for PM than for NO2. For the 1990-2000 period the number of sites with sufficient length of time series is too small to apply the GAM method on a European scale. For the 2000-2010 period, we find that the general performance of the GAM method is poorer for PM10 than for NO2. With respect to the link between PM10 and temperature, the results indicate a marked geographical pattern with a negative relationship in central Europe and a positive relationship in Spain, southern France and northern Italy.
For PM10 during 2000-2010, the vast majority of the estimated trends are found to be negative. The difference between the GAM trend and the plain linear regression, indicates that meteorology lead to increased PM10 levels in the southern and central parts and decreased levels in the north.
For PM2.5 it turned out that the amount of data in the entire period 1990-2010 was too small to use the GAM method in a meaningful way on a European scale. Only a few sites had sufficient time series and thus more recent data are required.
ETC/ACM
2019